Abstract
<jats:p>The explosive growth of big data has heightened concerns regarding the effectiveness of privacy protection measures within these systems. This study critically evaluates various privacy-preserving techniques, frameworks, and policies implemented across big data environments. A combination of literature review, case analysis, and comparative assessment is used to measure the efficacy of encryption, anonymization, access controls, and emerging technologies like differential privacy and blockchain. Our findings suggest that while traditional measures provide foundational security, newer adaptive privacy frameworks offer greater resilience against evolving threats. This paper recommends a hybrid approach integrating technical, legal, and ethical strategies to ensure comprehensive privacy protection in big data systems.</jats:p>