Abstract
<jats:p>Population aging is considered a major demographic transition in recent decades, posing a significant challenge to healthcare delivery globally. While life expectancy increases, linked to aging, musculoskeletal disorders such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and frailty are becoming increasingly prevalent. These conditions are closely associated with reduced mobility, functional decline, falls, fragility fractures, and loss of independent living among older adults. Beyond their clinical consequences, musculoskeletal diseases also impose a substantial socioeconomic burden through healthcare expenditures, disability, and reduced participation in social and economic life. The biological mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal aging involve complex interactions between muscle and bone, chronic low-grade inflammation, hormonal changes, and metabolic alterations. Nutritional factors, particularly adequate protein intake and optimal vitamin D and calcium levels, are also key determinants of musculoskeletal well-being. Social determinants such as physical inactivity, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, socioeconomic inequalities, and limited access to healthcare services can accelerate functional decline in older populations. Management strategies range from preventive and conservative approaches to surgical interventions when necessary. Exercise programs, nutritional optimization, pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis, and fall prevention strategies represent the core of conservative management. In advanced disease, surgical procedures such as total joint arthroplasty provide effective relief of pain and restoration of mobility. Addressing musculoskeletal aging therefore requires integrated, multidisciplinary approaches that combine prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and equitable access to care in aging societies.</jats:p>