Abstract
<jats:p>Metasurfaces (MTSs) have become an inviting research area, widely used in a variety of high-frequency communications and other applications for manipulating electromagnetic waves. These structures, typically designed to be as thin as subwavelengths, offer advantages such as easy manufacturing with small volumes and the ability to control wave propagation around the structures on which they are mounted. Today’s wireless communication systems increasingly require antennas with versatile functionality, adaptability, and flexibility. Unlike conventional antennas, reconfigurable antennas can instantly change their operating characteristics, such as frequency, radiation pattern, polarization, and their combinations, to meet specific needs. This feature provides a significant advantage for next-generation wireless communication applications. While data rates and communication capacity can be significantly increased in beyond-5G and 5G cellular communication systems, electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation faces greater atmospheric attenuation. In these higher frequency bands, EM waves can be significantly attenuated or completely blocked by physical obstacles. This creates blind spots where the signal cannot reach, leading to line-of-sight limitations, one of the main problems of B5G and 5G communication systems. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) play a crucial role in maintaining communication connectivity by creating an alternative LoS. There are multiple techniques for reconfigurable antennas, and in this section, metasurface-based applications and Intelligent reflective surface (IRS) applications, also known as reflective metasurfaces (RMTSs), will be discussed.</jats:p>