Abstract
<jats:p>Relevance. This lecture is dedicated to the kidneys, which are vital for our life. Normal kidney function ensures the proper functioning of all organs and systems in the body because kidneys are essential for maintaining homeostasis. The excretory organs detoxify the body's internal environment, maintain acid-base balance, and regulate blood pressure, erythropoiesis, and water and electrolyte balance. Disruption of any aspect of this process underlies the pathogenesis of many different diseases. Clinical syndromes underlying renal pathology can be divided into minor and major. This lecture will focus on minor renal syndromes, including urinary syndrome and arterial hypertension. These syndromes are of great practical importance because they are among the first to appear in the development of renal pathology and are easily detected by clinical and laboratory methods. Aim. To review the current view on the etiology and pathogenesis of minor renal syndromes and their significance in general therapeutic practice. Materials and methods. Domestic and foreign literature sources for the last 15 years were analyzed Results. The etiology of urinary tract damage is multifactorial. It includes infections, immune mechanisms, toxic, ischemic, and other factors. Renal involvement in the pathological process is often reflected in urine analysis by the presence of protein, casts, various leukocyte populations, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin, as well as changes in the quantitative parameters of diuresis. Clinical manifestations sometimes are absent. In most cases, these changes are pathogenetically divided into extrarenal (pre- and postrenal) and renal. Determining the level of damage leading to urinary changes is necessary for selecting a proper and specific treatment. For example, proteinuria develops with a wide range of physiological and pathological changes in the body, and its intensity can indirectly indicate the location of the damage. In particular, microalbuminuria is characteristic of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, while non-selective massive proteinuria is a sign of severe glomerular damage. Considering the above-mentioned features of renal pathology, a detailed study of sediment and daily urine volume is much important in practical medicine. Conclusion. Almost all physicians, regardless of specialty, encounter changes in their patients' urine tests. It makes knowledge of normal and abnormal urine test results essential. Timely diagnostic of kidney disease is crucial for the effectiveness of therapy and the prognosis for recovery and patient survival.</jats:p>