Abstract
<jats:p>The article examines the key categories within the system of non-custodial sanctions. The study addresses the problem of the lack of a clear definition of the category “probation client” and substantiates a dualistic approach to distinguishing between subjects and clients of probation. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to harmonize Ukrainian legislation with international standards and to enhance the effectiveness of offender rehabilitation and social reintegration. The article provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the types of non-custodial sanctions stipulated by Articles 51–59¹ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, considering the provisions of the Criminal-Executive Code of Ukraine regarding the procedure and conditions of their execution, legal nature, application requirements, duration or extent, and purpose of the sanction. The study highlights the central role of probation authorities and personnel in implementing supervision, social and corrective measures, and in ensuring the achievement of rehabilitation goals. Furthermore, the dualistic framework proposed allows for a systematic understanding of the relationship between probation clients as recipients of corrective measures and probation subjects as authorities and stakeholders responsible for executing these measures. This approach contributes to the development of a scientifically grounded basis for improving Ukrainian probation legislation and aligning it with international best practices, including the UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules) and the Council of Europe’s Recommendations on European Probation Rules (CM/Rec(2010)1). Key words: punishments not involving deprivation of liberty, probation, probation clients, probation subjects, resocialization, international standards.</jats:p>