Abstract
<jats:p>Modern advances in biotechnology, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology offer unprecedented opportunities to improve human health and longevity. However, these innovations also introduce complex ethical challenges. This article explores the role of bioethics in distinguishing the moral boundaries of interventions in living organisms, emphasizing the distinction between therapeutic applications and human enhancement “for the sake of improvement”. In this article we highlight the convergence of NBIC technologies (nano-, bio-, info-, and cognitive sciences) as a transformative force for healthcare and improving quality of life. Illustrate how natural models inspire technological solutions using avian wing designs and hydrophobic surfaces as examples of bioinspiration and biomimicry. Additionally, this article discusses the application of biomimetic nanomaterials in implantology and targeted drug delivery, while emphasizing the potential of natural bioactive compounds as alternatives to synthetic agents. Special focus is given to catalytic antibodies (abzymes) for treating addictions and cancer, and the use of transgenic plants in vaccine production. Emerging molecular technologies such as molecular imprinting and omics-based systems, particularly metabolomics, were examined as promising tools for more precise physiological monitoring. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed in relation to toxic substance metabolism and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we discussed the study of the genome of the "immortal jellyfish", which offers new insights into cellular rejuvenation. We reviewed genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 as such that hold revolutionary potential, for example, for cardiac tissue regeneration. However, they also pose risks of uncontrolled genomic alterations, especially in germline cells. This raises critical ethical concerns regarding the right to life, privacy, and equitable access to advanced medical technologies. However, advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology offer important solutions to a number of human health issues. In particular, the use of nanomaterials, biotechnology, genetic engineering, complex mechanical systems and nanorobots has improved the accuracy of diagnosis, bioavailability of drugs and treatment options in oncology, regenerative medicine and dentistry for a number of genetic diseases. At the same time, the use of modern biotechnologies may carry potential risks of uncontrolled changes to the genome, especially when interfering with reproductive cells. The combination of nanotechnology with genetic engineering, artificial intelligence-based diagnostics, and biosensors raises questions about confidentiality, transparency of safety assessments, and clinical trials. This has sparked debate among a wide range of scientists about the right to life, confidentiality, and access to the latest methods. In conclusion, the rapid development of biotechnologies, particularly at the nanoscale, presents vast potential for diagnosing and treating genetic diseases, cancers, and addictions. Nonetheless, these advances require rigorous ethical oversight to safeguard human dignity and prevent unintended consequences.</jats:p>