Abstract
<jats:p>Sustainable and green flame retardants are increasingly developed as alternatives to halogen-based chemicals that have raised environmental and health concerns. Their lower toxicity and better compatibility with recycling processes have increased their use across various material classes. This chapter reviews the mechanisms of action, integration methods, and industrial applications of bio-based, mineral-based inorganic, and nano-enhanced flame retardants. Phytic acid, lignin, and tannin-based formulations improve charring behaviour but still face limitations in heat resistance and moisture stability. Aluminium hydroxide and zinc borate are among the most widely applied mineral-based systems and provide stable, halogen-free protection, although high loading levels can reduce strength and processability in polymers. Nano-enhanced additives such as clays, layered double hydroxides, and graphene materials improve flame resistance at lower concentrations, but uniform dispersion and production cost remain practical challenges. These materials are now applied in construction, textiles, electronics, and packaging sectors to comply with strict fire safety standards. Research continues to focus on improving their long-term durability, scalability, and reliability during standard fire testing.</jats:p>