Factors promoting and hindering inclusive education for learners with disabilities in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a comparative review

<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context and relevance.&lt;/strong&gt; The article discusses the lack of scientific knowledge about the barriers and factors of systemic failure in adapting inclusive education models to the ethnolinguistic diversity and acute resource constraints characteristic of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). &lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; The aim is to identify key factors that promote and hinder the implementation of inclusive education for students with SEN in low- and lower-middle-income countries and to develop practical recommendations for inclusive vocational education. &lt;strong&gt;Research questions.&lt;/strong&gt; What are the main factors that promote and hinder the implementation of inclusive education for students with SEN in low- and lower-middle-income countries? What effective strategies can be used to implement inclusive education in these countries? &lt;strong&gt;Methods and materials.&lt;/strong&gt; A systematic review of the literature on interventions and practices that contribute to the development of policies and programs in the field of inclusive education for children with SEN in low- and lower-middle-income countries. The search for sources was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar and covered peer-reviewed publications in English from 2000 to 2024 (a total of 58 articles were selected for analysis). Students with SEN refers to children with dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and dyspraxia. &lt;strong&gt;Results and conclusions.&lt;/strong&gt; The main obstacles to the implementation of inclusive education are a lack of resources, weak policy implementation, and negative attitudes in society toward children with SEN, which increases the risk of their marginalization. Factors contributing to the solution of this problem include targeted teacher training, allocation of resources, and support for community engagement initiatives.&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p>