Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This book examines what triggers the beginning of a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) and the application of international humanitarian law (IHL), and explores how treaty and customary rules balance military necessity with humanitarian concerns to regulate the conduct of hostilities and protect persons not participating in the fighting. Furthermore, the book examines the application of international human rights law (IHRL) in NIAC, particularly in light of the millions living under NSAG control and de facto governance. The book also deals with the mechanisms for ensuring the parties’ compliance with international law and accountability for violations, including developments in international criminal law, as well as State, NSAG, and corporate responsibility.</jats:p>