Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This chapter documents the STI policies China has adopted in the twenty-first century, following the arrival of the innovation systems policy paradigm. The chapter focuses first on China’s early experiments with a more wide-ranging set of policies and the initial forays into guided innovation prior to 2012. The chapter then turns to Chinese policymaking following Xi Jinping’s ascent at the 18th Party Congress. The discussion here highlights the extraordinary measures China has adopted on a range of fronts in pursuit of guided innovation since 2012. The chapter then documents China’s persistent support for S&T and the resurgence of state leadership in this regard in recent years, as well as efforts to incorporate S&T activity into the wider innovation system. Overall, the chapter highlights China’s incredibly ambitious pursuit of guided innovation and, in that sense, a remarkable gamble as well.</jats:p>